11.Anthony Clark — Direct/Cross

ANTHONY CLARK: I obtained my bachelor of science degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. I did two years of animal research at MIT. And then I was at -- accepted to the Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia. I graduated from the college and did a two-year general surgical internship at New Britain General Hospital in New Britain Connecticut.

I then went to Hartford Hospital in Hartford, Connecticut and did four years of anatomic and clinical pathology. I then traveled down to Atlanta, Georgia where I did a two-year forensic pathology fellowship with the Fulton County Medical Examiner's Office and Emory Univers -- associated with Emory University.

I graduated from that program. I got my first job as the southwest regional medical examiner in the Moultrie Crime Lab for the Georgia Bureau of Investigation, Division of Forensic Science. I remained in that position from 1994 to 2007 and then traveled down to District 2. I ama licensed physician in the State of Georgia and Florida.

ANTHONY CLARK: well, actually, a medical examiner information starts with information. So I received the call about the death of this individual. And then they put the body in a body bag that's brought down to the morgue. And then I began by doing -- checking what's on the outside of the bag and then open the bag and start taking photographs and start making my observations.

In gunshot wounds, we always take X-rays, because we're interested to see if there's any remaining bullets in the body, and, if there are, where they are located. So we'll do X-rays on the shooting.

we start on the outer -- externally, documenting any clothing, personal effects, medical devices, injuries. Then we do things like height, weight, eye color, that kind of thing, to show who -- what the individual looked like.

And then we start what's called the internal examination, where we open up the head, neck, chest, and abdomen. And if there's external trauma, what happened to the internal organs from that trauma, if any.

Natural disease is a big factor in the cases that I do. You have bad heart disease or lung disease, et cetera.

we also collect specimens for toxicology. we collect specimens for DNA studies if needed and whatever other ancillary studies may be needed. we fingerprint everybody now. And there's some other things like that.

ANTHONY CLARK: State's Exhibit 26 is an X-ray of what we call a PA -- AP X-ray of the head. You can see the top of the head here. This is the jaw, right side, left side. And within this you can see that there's a -- whiter spots here and here. These are the bullets that I eventually recovered.

So I had an idea where this bullet is. Now I have an idea where this bullet is. Also, there's some fracturing going on here on the side of the face, which it's hard to point out from this distance. But -- so right now this is the main reason why I'm getting these X-rays to show that there are bullets still in him and that they are still there and that they're a good size, too.

ANTHONY CLARK: Yeah. And we put the identifying tag down here with the case number, the date, and my initials should be down here. And we've cleaned up the face as best we can. But this is what we call the identification photograph.

Now, in this identification photograph, you can see there's quite a bit of trauma to the face. There's a distortion of the left side of the face, quite a bit of swelling going on here, bruising going on inside the tissues here. The -- what we call raccoon eyes or bilateral eye bruises here and here.

There's a gunshot wound here, and there's a gunshot wound here. So there's two separate gunshot wounds that we're looking at here.

ANTHONY CLARK: State's Exhibit 29 is showing the -- one of the gunshot wounds to the left cheek area, you can see is right here. You can see the bruising and the tissue back here. This bullet actually traveled from here and wound up just under the tissues here, inside, below this left ear here.

Now, the interesting thing is these large areas of abrasion. They're irregular and some are small, some are large, and they kind of scatter onto the ear, come in a band this way, onto the nose. And you can see that there's some on the upper neck here. This is what I called the report pseudo stippling.

Stippling is something that occurs from gunfire, because there are burning and unburnt particles of gunpowder, gunpowder coming out. And when they hit the skin, they actually cause abrasions. Now, when you shoot through a door or window, you're fragmenting those -- the wood or the glass, causing other debris to fly out. So, to me, this is a pseudo stippling or glass abrasions from when the first bullet went through the glass and caused these injuries here.

ANTHONY CLARK: Thirty-one is showing the forehead area. what we're seeing here is the second gunshot wound here. Okay? And you can see it's quite a bit of a mess here. And I will explain to you in a minute why that is. But this is where the bullet -- it hit in here. And that's the bullet that wounds up -- winds up in the back of the inside of the skull that you saw on the X-ray. Okay?

So this one here, this is irregular because he was wearing a pair of glasses at the time he was shot. So just like I'm standing here looking at you right now, that bullet hit those glasses. And when it hit those glasses -- and I believe they were plastic frames. We're not going to see in the pictures. They broke open the plastic and caused, like -- you know, a cue ball hit, you know, racquetballs to disperse the plastic. And that plastic went and is -- popped that hole. So you didn't get a nice round hole, but you got more of a ragged hole there because of that.

And, also, up here, if you could magnify that a little bit. Can you move in? No? Okay. There are some --

ANTHONY CLARK: Okay. Yeah. Okay. Now you see all these little, little dots here? That is gunpowder stippling. Can you see the difference from the larger, irregular spi -- abrasions? This is real fine stuff here. And, to me, that puts the gun at a closer range. Or there's no window there or intermediate target, as we call it, so that this puts it in a shorter range of gunfire.

And that's usually up to 18 to 24 inches that you're see -- seeing that. It could be closer. The only way to really tell is to get the weapon, the same ammunition, do some test fire from different distances, which the firearm people do it. I don't.

ANTHONY CLARK: Okay. State's Exhibit 32 is showing the left eye area here. There's quite a bit of swelling here on both eyes. And that's usually due to the base of the skull, what I call the base of the skull being fractured and bleeding into the tissues, and it collects in the eyes.

Also, there is the gunshot wound here, regular one here, and then one here. Also, if you look at the eyes -- and, again, you get the pictures in your hands you can look at them better. But there's no stippling or glass injury to that, because the glasses are actually protecting the glass, the glass from hitting his eyes. And then the second bullet hit here. That didn't cause any kind of injuries to, to the eyes.

ANTHONY CLARK: Okay. State's Exhibit 33, this is the back of the left mid forearm, about right here Cindicating). The elbow is down here. The wrist is over here. So this is the back of his arm here.

And what you're seeing here is a curvy linear or curved line deposit of soot. And then you're seeing pseudo stippling, again. Again, this is not gunpowder stippling. I kept trying to see whether the -- I mean, I kept looking at it, trying to see whether this was really truly gunpowder stippling but it's not. There's too much irregularity and difference in sizes of this. So I believe it was due to either glass or plastic from the glasses.

ANTHONY CLARK: Yes, ma'am. It's my opinion that after the first shot through the window, striking him here Cindicating) , causing all that glass to shatter and strike him on his face, that he reflexively brought up his arm in a defensive-type posture and that the gun was in range to cause, when it hit the glasses there, that when this shattered, it went on the back of the forearm here. And then there's a deposit of the soot there.

Now, I don't believe that soot is from the barrel of the gun but from what we call a cylinder gap, that there may have been a revolver used in this case and that the gap between where the cylinder is and the barrel, gases can come out there and soot can come out there, too. And that could cause this kind of curvy linear soot deposit there.